Um dia de estado de emergência




Debaixo da minha cama estão pastas e caixas das minhas notas matemáticas, dum doutoramento desencaixado da minha vida, papelada duma inércia assumida. Centenas de folhas tornam-se hoje papéis de rascunho, rascunhos dum futuro que espero desesperadamente. Guardo ainda os meus favoritos, topologia diferencial e variedades suaves, que me ensinaram identificar beleza na clareza.

Dos onze anos de estudar matemática, cada vez mais pura e abstrata, levo comigo uma compreensão da importância do rigor no pensamento e na comunicação. Lembro-me da minha professora de física a inclinar a sua cabeça enquanto dizia “Not necessarily!”. O que uma definição diz e o que não diz, o que um teorema implica e o que não implica. Lembro-me dos meus amigos de sociologia a discutir militarismo depois da aula, e eu a entender muito pouco da conversa e a criar ainda mais confusão na conversa quando pedi esclarecimento das palavras e dos termos que estavam a usar. Lembro-me, ainda, dos espaços compact, countably compact, pre-compact, sequentially compact, limit point compact, paracompact, e pseudo-compact, como são todos diferentes mas alguns equivalentes em certas circunstâncias. Lembro-me de resolver muitos conflitos, simplesmente esclarecendo a comunicação entre as pessoas. Levo comigo uma disciplina mental que distingue brutalmente o que está a ser dito e o que não necessariamente. Deixo atrás uma profissão e uma boa parte da minha identidade, para criar uma outra que seja compatível com o que é preciso fazer aqui e agora.

Tenho um diário a que chamei Década Zero. Comecei a escrevê-lo no início de 2016, com um profundo luto e pânico face à lacuna entre a realidade social e a crise climática. Na primeira frase lê-se: “Com quem se vai fazer?” É um caderno que tem desabafos, críticas, auto-críticas, avaliações, previsões. Uma mistura de tudo e de nada, como todos os diários. Leio-o agora. Leio-o com medo, e meço as minhas incapacidades com as réguas dos futuros possíveis e impossíveis. Abro gavetas, busco mais réguas, colo-as uma depois da outra. O quarto fica coberto por réguas. As réguas agitam-se. As réguas do presente revoltam-se contra as réguas do passado. Levantam-se barricadas ao lado da cama. As réguas do passado usam gás lacrimogéneo. Todos – as réguas, a cama, a matemática e eu – começamos a chorar. O coro de choro cria um ruído insuportável e acorda o futuro. Ela entra no quarto a gritar. Nós, paramos. Ela diz que a nossa imaginação está cheia de pó e teias de arranhas. Abrimos as janelas para o ar circular. O futuro apanha frio e começa a espirrar. Ninguém sabe o que fazer a seguir. Convoca-se uma assembleia. A matemática e o futuro boicotam. Não há ordem de trabalhos. Ninguém facilita. Tudo fica cada vez mais difícil. Fecho o diário.

Inspiro. Espero. Expiro. O que falta é só tudo.

Vou para a cozinha. Tenho uma montanha de loiça acumulada. Os pratos e as colheres do jantar de ontem, a panela da sopa improvisada, os copos da noite anterior, todos cobertos de açúcar, de gordura, de molho, das minhas inseguranças e frustrações e falhas e faltas e derrotas e arrogâncias e desdéns que inundam o lavatório e o balcão e a cozinha inteira. Nado pela tralha toda e chego à casa de banho, para tomar um duche antes de começar o dia.

O que significa um estado de emergência climática para mim, pessoalmente?

Significa navegar à vela no meio dum furacão, sem qualquer experiência com veleiros, enjoado, em fuga dum fogo, com todos os meus amigos e todas as minhas amigas e toda minha família e todas as réguas e a cama e a matemática e a loiça a bordo, em busca duma terra que sei que existe mas que não sei onde fica. Em outras palavras, significa reavaliar todas as prioridades. Em outras palavras, significa procurar a coragem dentro do susto. Em outras palavras, significa imaginação ao poder.


Ep.4 Reducing the entire Portuguese culture to 5 expressions

In the previous lectures, I introduced and analyzed "Pois", "Depende." and "Já agora". I demonstrated how Pois lets you dodge all opinion-based questions and how Depende. allows you to dodge fact-based questions, then went on to explain how Já agora puts you in pro-active position even though you might have limited language skills.

In this lecture, we will study a much more delicate situation about social interactions. The claim is that once the pupil understands this last concept, they can consider themselves sufficiently integrated to the Portuguese culture.

As a warm-up exercise, I invite you to consider the following situation.

You and a friend agree to meet up on Thursday at 9pm. It's 8.30pm, you may be already at the meeting place or perhaps on your way. You receive a message from your friend saying they won't come. How would that message look like?

On one end of the spectrum, you have northern European cultures, where such a thing would virtually never happen. On the other end of the spectrum, you have maybe something like North African cultures where you wouldn't receive any message - you would probably be quite late as well anyway. These extreme examples are not useful for our purposes. Try to think of more similar cultures.

One option is that informing by a message can be rude, so your friend would have to call you to explain their situation.

Another option is that the message would describe the excuse.

In Portugal and only in Portugal, "Surgiu um imprevisto" is considered a sufficient explanation.

4. "Surgiu um imprevisto"

I would translate "Surgiu um imprevisto" as "Something came up". 

In Portugal, your friend would say "Something came up. I won't be able to make it to our meeting today.". (Surgiu um imprevisto, não vou poder ir hoje.)

In any other culture I am familiar with, this is the rudest possible way. I myself receive messages like this on a monthly basis. In my first few years, this was a serious concern for me: What did I do wrong? Why do these people don't give a shit about me? I am not such a bad person to discard by a message like this... What is wrong with me?

Think about the cultural shock: I am from Turkey. When you skip a meetup, you would set up an entire story as an excuse. I recall my friends explaining their mother's medical complications in detail and their friends' messed up emotional lives to me, because those were the excuses why they couldn't make it to our meetup.

In Portugal, no one cares. "Something came up." A thing. I don't have to tell you what it is. I don't have to justify anything to you. I am not coming to our meet up. Fuck you.

To be fair, you can also interpret this as a chilled-out culture where people are tolerant and understanding towards each other. In fact, it is really civilized not to ask what's wrong, and let the other person decide if and when they would be ready to tell about their problem. It is also a manifestation of a reserved culture.

Then I started testing this. And I verified that people do not trust you less because you surgiu um imprevisto them. It really is acceptable.

It is acceptable when you miss out a meeting, when you are late, when you fail a deadline, when you skip a task - basically, whenever you fail other people's expectations.

How the four expressions build up

The four expressions identified in this online course allow you to slide and flow through all kinds of day-to-day social interactions. They also allow you to deeply grasp how Portuguese people surf through their daily lives.

Look at these expressions carefully, and you will realize that key characteristics of the Portuguese culture are indeed deducible from them.

We already mentioned calm, peaceful, tolerant. subtle and reserved throughout the lectures. Now if you check travel guidebooks or online articles on Portuguese cultures, these are the keywords you will keep on encountering. And they are all concepts complex yet reducible to four expressions.


Project Finale

You may now be expecting a fifth expression.

There is none.

My claim is that if you fully comprehend the four expressions, you have it all figured out. You don't need any other expression.

However, as any other serious scientist would also do, I would apply methodological skepticism in this study, and leave a margin of error.

The margin of error would be the fifth expression. I analyzed and demonstrated how four expressions can explain the entire Portuguese culture. I myself fail to find a social situation that may not be reduced to these four expressions. I have been asking around, and other people also failed. But from a perspective of rigor, I would not publicize the results of this study as "4 expressions" but instead as "5 expressions", so as to allow for an eventual correction to the theory.

Therefore, we are finalizing this project with this article.

I hope you enjoyed the project. If you got triggered or offended, I would be proud of myself. (Any serious scientific revolution is expected to cause some discomfort after all.)

Finally, if you disagree with this reduction process, I challenge you to come up with a social situation that cannot be reduced to these cases. You can further suggest the fifth expression that would complement the theory.

Ep.3 Reducing the entire Portuguese culture to 5 expressions

In the previous lectures, I covered the two Portuguese expressions that can guide my pupils through at least three quarters of the daily life situations in Portugal.

In this lecture, I will introduce another expression, which will take you to an advanced level of social interactions. 

3. "Já agora"

This may come a little surprising to people who know the language, but what do I care? It was also surprising to you when I said I would reduce the entire Portuguese culture into five expressions.

I can hear your objections already. Já agora translates to  by the way, which is a very common expression in virtually all languages. So why highlight it as an authentically Portuguese phenomenon? I will teach you now.

First of all, in all cultures I am familiar with (which are quite a few, although a tiny minority in the world), the usage of by the way is allowed only after you finish a line of thought. If you are telling a story, you are expected to first finish your story and only then add a side note with a by the way; if you are having a conversation, you are expected to first respond to the question at hand and only then add a new subject.

What is original is that in Portugal you can start an email with já agora. People who have been in active mailing lists can testify for this phenomenon: There is an email thread about a collaborative text, then someone goes "Já agora, how did the meeting with the artists go?". And everyone replies! Which says that this is socially acceptable way of introducing an irrelevant subject.

Better still, you can interrupt a real life conversation among friends with já agora and just talk about whatever you wanted to talk about.

For the first few years, when this happened, I would start laughing out loud because I was reminded of the "And now for something completely different" in Monty Python's Flying Circus.

Then, I got used to it.

Upgrading your social skills

Now that we established its social license, let us analyze why Já agora is so important in Portugal?

Because it upgrades your social skills from passive to active, from defensive to offensive.

Imagine the following situation: You speak little Portuguese. You are with some friends and you want to tell a story. You understand absolutely nothing of what they are talking about, but using Pois and Depende. you are capable of dodging opinion-based as well as fact-based questions. (See previous lectures.) But besides accompanying the conversation, you really want to tell what happened at the dinner party the other night.

In any other country, you would have to wait for the conversation to end with an explicit silent moment (unless you understand the subject and find a way of smoothly shifting the focus). In Portugal, you only need já agora. Insert já agora at any point, and voila! You magically created a socially legitimate context to start telling your story.

To sum up: If you grasp the scope and functionality of já agora fully and correctly, you can be proactive - in addition to the more defensive strategies of depende. and pois.

If you want to "be a local", I highly recommend the "Pois. [pause 1 second] Já agora." combination, where you not only introduce your topic out of nowhere but also acknowledge everything that was said before.


At the test period of this project, I personally tested the power of já agora in various situations. To name a few, it worked in a family dinner, during a chat with friends, in an official meeting, at the public administration office, and in the health center. I was giving a talk on climate science and I literally jumped from topic to topic using já agora twice. Later I asked for feedback from the audience and people thought that my presentation was coherent.

I strongly recommend the class to practice it wisely. Já agora is not equal to by the way. It is much more subtle and has much more cultural functions. An overdose may harm your social relations.


To conclude, we now have three expressions that not only cover an overwhelming majority of all social interactions but also give you defensive as well as offensive tools of conversation. In the next lesson, we will enter into more delicate situations.




Ep.2 Reducing the entire Portuguese culture to 5 expressions

Last week, I introduced my personal project of reducing the entire Portuguese daily-life interactions into five basic expressions. I also introduced the first of these expressions, pois, and explained its wide and encompassing use. I finished by saying that "most of Portuguese social life, around 50% of all the essentials, is just understanding and using pois. The rest is all optional."

In this lecture I would like to introduce another very important Portuguese phenomenon.

2. "Depende."

While sometimes used in a slightly longer form ("Isso depende."), this sentence, directly and easily translatable to "It depends." or "Depends." has one uniquely Portuguese aspect:

It has a period at the end.

You ask a simple, straightforward question to a Portuguese person. Let's think. Something like: "Would you like to go to the movies?" or "Wanna go to this bar?" or "What are your holiday plans?" or "How much would a university graduate earn in Lisbon?". Then you get an answer:

"It depends."

And this bizarre non-answer is socially acceptable.

Depends on what? If it depends on X or Y, how does it depend on them?

The Portuguese person cannot be bothered with such technicalities. It depends. Period.

Now, if you actually wanted an answer, the Portuguese person will not let you get it so quickly. I had a real-life example which at first was a bit annoying but it slowly turned outright hilarious.

Me getting a ride from a friend: How long do you think we take to get there?
Friend: It depends.
Me: ??
Friend: ...
Me: Depends on what?
Friend: Pois olha, if there is traffic, we may take quite a while. If the roads are empty, we would be pretty quick. With this rain, there may also be an accident.
Me: ????
Friend: ...
Me: Yeah okay, but that's all obvious. I actually need to know this to plan the rest of my day.
Friend: Pois.
Me: ????!!!!
Friend: ...
Me: I mean, if there is traffic, will be take, like, seven hours?
Friend: NO! Que disparate! We would never take that long.
Me: So, how long at most? Five hours?
Friend: , if there is an accident the whole can take four hours.
Me: Great. Now, if the roads are all empty, how long to we take? One hour?
Friend: NO! There's no way we can get there in an hour.
Me: OK, so... two hours? (trying not to laugh out loud)
Friend: Once I did this trip at night, with no cars, it took me like two-and-a-half hours, maybe a bit more.
Me: Wonderful. Thanks, let me text my friends.

True story.

What's the moral here?

As you may remember, Pois acts as a void answer that may mean affirmation, rejection, neither or both. (See previous lecture.) It allows you to avoid giving any opinion in a socially acceptable way.

Depende. (always with a dot throughout these lecture notes), on the other hand, allows you to avoid giving factual information in a socially acceptable way.

And I am serious: Portuguese people actually take "Depende." as a full answer and move on to a different subject without hesitation. It really is socially acceptable.

So if you want to get information, you really have to be persistent and patient. But if you don't want to get information or you simply don't want to think about the question, you can just randomly shoot "Isso depende." and you are juuuuust fine.

When I noticed the power of "Depende.", I was astonished. Initially, I used to think "They just don't care! And they are okay with each other not caring!"; but then I realized something else:

Application of reduction

You may have heard that Portuguese people are always very calm and peaceful. They even made an armed revolution without using the arms! It is true that Portuguese culture is probably one of the most peaceful and chilled cultures in the world.

But how does it work? How come the Portuguese are always so calm? (Just next door, Spanish are so not famous for calmness.)

The equation "Pois + Depende." is your answer.

The entire culture allows you to not give a shit about neither opinions nor facts! You can dodge literally anything that can give you the slightest discomfort. Voila! The calmness is a linear combination of Pois and Depende. .

Thereby, we solved one of the long-lasting mysteries of the Portuguese culture by the rigorous application of only two expressions.


In my next lecture, I will address some of the remaining aspects of the Portuguese daily-life, although I should warn you: very little cultural content is left that is not covered by these two expressions.


The entire Portuguese culture reduced to 5 expressions

In today's lecture, I would like to introduce the five expressions that can explain the entire Portuguese culture.

With these five expressions, you can comprehend and engage in all kinds of day-to-day social interactions. Many Portuguese people are not aware of the power and scope of these expressions, although they do admit their common use.

1. "Pois."

This is a lifesaver. It is somewhere around "right!", "right?", "well..." and "well?". It is neither of them and it is all of them. (It can also be used as "because".)

But besides its meaning, it has one power that no other expression in any language has: Lets the conversation flow no matter what. Here's how:

When you are a foreigner and you are talking about a sophisticated subject or interacting with a child or an elderly, sometimes you don't understand what is being said. In such cases, unless it is important, it is generally considered kind to just nod, smile or say something like "yeah", "right", etc. None of this works if the speaker poses a Yes/No question. You cannot nod, you cannot smile, you cannot say "yes" until understanding the question. But you can always say "Pois.", and the speaker will continue with his/her story.

It's like a void affirmation.

In my first few years in Portugal, I was very reluctant to engage in conversations with strangers because of my lack of language skills. Then I discovered the power of pois. I still had extremely limited vocabulary, a messy and improvised grammar, and extremely narrow experience in listening, but I had pois! I managed having full conversations with the locals in the south, in the interior, in the north, in cities, in villages, everywhere... Yes, I admit that I understood maybe a third of what that alentejana old lady told me, but she doesn't know that! And I did understand the essential: her children living abroad and visiting only very seldom. I didn't catch their profession, their ages, etc. but who cares: it was just a chitchat in a pastelaria where we had a coffee in passing. I didn't have to constantly stop her speech to ask for repetition. It was a pleasant moment for both of us.

But this is just the beginning. Here is an opposite situation:

(Me in Social Security office asking for a document)
Me: So, I need this number to enroll to my university.
Lady in the counter: Well but you need to bring us your income proof first.
Me: My income will be a scholarship. I will take care of that right after enrolling to the university.
Lady in the counter: Okay but we need the income document to give you the Social Security number.
Me: ??
Lady in the counter: ...
Me: But I cannot get the scholarship without enrolling to a university, and I cannot enroll without this number. So I need the number to get my income.
Lady in the counter: Pois.

If this looks surreal, you can confirm with your Portuguese friends... even better if you talk to immigrants in Portugal. 

Please read the above dialogue carefully: this is a void denial.

So the same word can work for answering anything, to the extent that you can evade a Yes/No question by simply affirming the speaker's point, as well as not answering anything, to the extent that you can evade a direct, objective question. The same word is for void affirmation and for void denial.

Pois is so void that it fits everywhere and resolves everything.

I told my Portuguese friends about this multi-functionality and they all responded: Pois!

When I started this "personal project" of reducing the Portuguese culture into five expression, the real challenge was: what in the Portuguese culture is not covered by pois? What social situation may not be explained by pois? So my problem was not to get enough expressions to cover all the situations, but to look for situations that are not covered by pois. I found a few, but I should admit: most of Portuguese social life, around 50% of all the essentials, is just understanding and using pois. The rest is all optional.

Next time, I will tell you the second expression.


Bruno Pacheco - Vaivém

Bruno Pacheco - Vaivém
Galeria Quadrum (12 de outubro de 2018 a 13 de janeiro de 2019)
Curodaria de Bruno Marchand

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